each movement / community / framework focuses on different aspects of [[human brain]] and [[psychology and epistemology|mind]] (here not comprehensive, see sources) [[-551 Confucius]]: 吾十有五而志于学等等 (could call an [[ontogeny]]c theory); other descriptions of [[bipolar disorder|mania]] and [[psychosis]] as "imbalances" ([[Chinese medicine]]) early [[Greek]] [[philosophy]]: [[-428 Plato]] and [[-384 Aristotle]] -300 ish early [[India]]n [[philosophy]]: notions of the self in [[yoga]] from Patanjali; later [[Buddhism and psychology]] ("mindfulness" clearly requires notion of [[psychology and epistemology|mind]]); [[meditation]] 465 Liu Xie: supposedly first psychological experiment: asked students to draw a square with one hand and circle with another 850 Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi: discussed [[mental disorder|psychopathology]] # [[1650 modern]] [[structural psychology]] from [[1832 Wilhelm Wundt]] (first self-described "[[psychology and epistemology|psychologist]]") and [[1867 Edward Titchener]]: goal was to study [[anatomy]] of the [[psychology and epistemology|mind]]. collect [[dataset]] through [[introspection]] [[1849 Ivan Pavlov]] developing [[associative learning]] (later fed into [[behaviourism]]) [[functionalism]] (ie [[functionalism|evolutionary psychology]]) from [[1842 William James]] and [[1874 Edward Lee Thorndike]] opposed [[semiotic|structuralism]]; called [[introspection]] unscientific. [[semiotic]]s (aka [[linguistic]] structuralism) from [[1857 Ferdinand de Saussure]]: considered a founder of [[linguistic]]s through [[1916SaussureEtAlCoursLinguistiqueGenerale]] 1920s [[1924 American descriptivism]]s also popular around this time; led to [[linguistic]]s as a [[science|scientific]] discipline; [[1924 Linguistic Society of America]] [[behaviourism]] from [[1878 John Broadus Watson]] took over by 1930s. [[1904 Burrhus Frederick Skinner]] introduced [[reinforcement learning]] framework around 1930. more [[statistic|observable]] [[science]]. tried using it to explain [[language acquisition]] in [[1957SkinnerVerbalBehavior]] but got absolutely roasted by [[1928 Noam Chomsky]] in [[1959ChomskyReviewVerbalBehavior]] (actually hilarious read!!) this (same period as [[1945 eniac]]) sparked [[cognitive]] revolution in linguistics: emphasize that [[linguistic competence]] is a [[psychology and epistemology|mental]] process. (nowadays we take this mostly for granted.) also that [[language acquisition]] is mostly done in an [[unsupervised]] way ^skinner-chomsky [[2001ChomskyMinimalistProgram|The minimalist program]] / [[generative grammar]] [[psycholinguistics|neurolinguistics]] [[natural language processing]] recently [[criticism of generative grammar]] has led to [[usage based linguistic]]s led by [[1950 Michael Tomasello]] ![[natural language processing#^114]] ![[2025-07-16 Kempner lunch and learn linguistics talk#sources]]